Against Euthanasia Free Essays

1. 20. 13 I AM AGAINST EUTHANASIA voluntary: when a person is asked to be killed because the pain could not be handled any longer non-voluntary: when a person is killed by the decision of another person because the patient is incapable to do it himself/ herself. We will write a custom essay sample on Against Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Euthanasia  is: 1. â€Å"A quiet, painless death. †Ã‚  or 2. â€Å"The intentional putting to death of a person with an incurable or painful disease intended as an act of mercy. † BIBLICAL POINTS: -Euthanasia is considered MURDER One of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou shall not kill† and life is a gift from God that should not be destroyed – God has given us life to live, and SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN AWAY on purpose – God is in everyone and every living thing. If you harm a living thing, YOU ARE HARMING GOD. – Paul stated (1 Corinthians 6:19) that our bodies are temples of our Lord. In VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA, we should not destroy ourselves because our life contains God’s Holy Spirit – WHEN JOB WAS GOING THROUGH SUFFERING, he still refused to TAKE HIS OWN LIFE. He argues that we must accept the suffering as we accept happiness and joy. SUFFERING IS AN OPPORTUNITY FOR SPIRITUAL GROWTH. – No man dies unless God allows it (Job 2:6) Therefore, according to the Bible, a person SHOULD NOT be killed because of a certain condition they have. Although they WILL DIE, euthanasia should not take place. IT IS MURDER. Yes, God has planned that they will be terminally ill, and he knows when they will die. But only HE has the right to take their life, not doctors. OTHER POINTS: -the power to play with people’s lives should not be handed out under a legal and /or medical disguise. – it promotes abuse and gives doctors the right to urder. – doctors are people who we trust and cure us, but euthanasia gives them the opportunity to PLAY GOD -It’s not only Christians who are against euthanasia, but other religions too. (Musilim, Jews, Hindu, Buddhist) -UNBEARBLE PAIN- pain cannot be all eliminated, but killing is not the answer! The solution is to command better education of health care professionals, expand health care, and inform patients about their rights to be alive. – Euthanasia is not about the right to die. It’s about the right to kill. OTHER RELIGIONS AGAINST EUTHANASIA: Roman Catholic Church: direct euthanasia consists in putting an end to the lives of handicapped sick or dying persons. IT IS MORALLY UNACCEPTABLE. Muslim: -All life is a gift Allah, so it is sacred and Muslim have a duty to respect it and submut to his will -Only ALLAH can choose when a life will end -The reason for any suffering will be known to Allah, there must be a reason for pain Jews: – Anything which shortens life is forbidden, only God could decided when a person’s life should end Hindu: -Euthanasia goes against the belief of Ahimsa (non-violence) Buddhist: -voluntary euthanasia is wrong, it shows that the person’s mind is in a bad state. How to cite Against Euthanasia, Essay examples

The Nursing Shortage free essay sample

Crisis in America Back in the late 1930’s, American men were drafted to go off and fight in World War II while women at home had to learn a new way of life to support their families and support the soldiers. A woman named Florence Nightingale who was recognized as one of the first nurses to care for the wounded soldiers during the Crimean war helped to influence other women to learn how to become nurses and care for the sick and wounded. After the war ended in the mid 1940’s, thousands of soldiers returned home to begin the next chapter in their lives by starting a family while women returned to homemaking. In fact, due to the major population shift after the war, thousands and thousands of babies were born in which it would be named the Baby-Boomer generation. Now fast forward to the year 2010, several decades later, the baby-boomer generation is aging and approaching there sixties and beyond at a time when healthcare is beginning to be used more frequently by many others. Now that America is beginning a new era of healthcare with the creation of healthcare reform that soon will create access for the uninsured and underinsured to gain access to healthcare treatments. On March 23, 2010, â€Å"The Affordable Care Act† was signed into law by President Obama that would create healthcare access for millions of Americans. This is turn would create a huge strain on the American healthcare system at a time when concerns are rising due to the increased need of services for the baby-boomer generation and the current nursing population to care for them. If Americans already planned on facing a nursing shortage with the baby-boomer generation, then how would the shortage affect everyone else when healthcare reform becomes active in the year two-thousand-fourteen? This paper will discuss some individual points more in detail and evaluate the nursing shortage situation from the beginning of nursing history to present day that could affect all healthcare workers now and in the future. The nursing shortage topic in America has always been a debatable question where it will be analyzed further in detail starting with some statistical data. Looking at the national level for current nursing employment, the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics stated that, â€Å"2,655,020 registered nurses were currently employed as of May two-thousand and ten† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics: Occupation section). The information presented here did not account for self-employed nurses or one’s that currently work multiple jobs. Now on a smaller scale looking at the State of Colorado’s population and registered â€Å"nurses per 1000 rate is 7. 98 as compared with a national average of 8. 6 with an additional need of 1,780 nurses to meet the national average† (The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorados Health Care Workforce 15). The information noted here did not account for rural areas and small towns where the population is considerably lower. Next, the discussion will continue on about nursing school factors affecting the nursing shortage. Additionally when someone is attracted by the potential for a nu rsing career and advancement, they must look at all avenues first before deciding and making a commitment to nursing school. However, when someone has made the decision to enroll they must take several prerequisite classes and take a nursing entrance exam before being accepted into a nursing program. Furthermore, after students have taken the required prerequisites, they may not easily be accepted into a nursing program because of limited number of slots available and teaching constraints. In fact, it has been well observed by many schools that the major factor in the nursing shortage is due to the lack of qualified nursing instructors. In the United States, â€Å"nursing schools turned away 67,583 qualified applicants from baccalaureate and graduate programs in 2010 due to insufficient number of faculty, clinical sites, classroom space, clinical preceptors and budget constraints† (2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing 2). Another factor that contributes to the nursing shortage is that nursing faculty members and educators are being lured away from colleges by higher compensation, which in turn reduces the number of potential educators to meet the demands needed. Consequently, most educators are generally older with a limited number of years of teaching left before retirement which in turn could also leave more potential nurses waiting on a list that could reduce the national shortage. Furthermore, the United States started facing some major healthcare challenges with the baby-boomer generation beginning to impact the healthcare system in two-thousand ten. Now that this generation is in their sixties many of them will be facing increased health problems due to aging thus putting a greater demand on the healthcare system for treatment and prevention. Consequently, this generation will begin turning sixty-five at a rate of approximately ten thousand baby-boomers per day for the next nineteen years starting in the year two-thousand eleven. This in turn will create a huge stressor to the already problematic nursing shortage. In addition to the baby-boomer generation, America will soon be forced to provide healthcare to millions of individuals who previously did not have insurance starting in two-thousand fourteen when the Affordable Care Act goes into full force. Furthermore, â€Å"healthcare reform will soon provide subsidies for thirty-two million citizens to more fully utilize the healthcare system† (Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections 2). This in turn will create a huge stress on the medical profession especially the nursing sector, as the healthcare system is grappling in the shortage of nurses to care for the baby-boomers. Emergency rooms and physicians’ offices will soon be faced with a massive influx of patients to provide care for, which would cause an increased demand for more medical staff including nurses and physicians. Patients then would be going to local hospitals for elective surgeries and diagnostic testing which would cause a surge and a need for more hospital beds to accommodate the needs of patients. When the demand exceeds the amount of resources available people could be facing other challenges such as emergencies or disasters of magnitude. With the introduction of the healthcare reform and the baby-boomer generation, the healthcare system could also be facing emergency preparedness scenarios that have not been attempted before with the combination of emergency disaster plans currently available. Some may remember the hundreds killed and injured from the two-thousand eleven tornado outbreak or the terrorist attacks on the twin towers that caused mass casualties and injured numerous people on September 11, 2001. This is just to name a few disasters that America was impacted by with the need for emergent healthcare services. Additionally in the United States, â€Å"there is little flexibility for unanticipated fluctuations in patient acuity and demand on a daily basis, and an absence of standby capacity for large-scale emergencies† (McHugh 442). Consequently, if the United States doesn’t come up with a large scale disaster plan that has been attempted before, then many will be faced with total destruction and demise. Nurses have gone through the grueling process to begin and succeed in their careers from the dedication of going to school to meet entry level standards, as well as taking the national licensure examination prior to practicing. Some nurses graduate with the expectation that the wages and demands of the job will be satisfying to keep them in their current role. But some people may know very little about the profession until they are faced with the reality of the job demands versus the salary. A new graduate nurse just beginning his/her career maybe making less than the more experienced nurses, but still held to the standard of providing the same type of care to all patients. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, the national median wage for registered nurses as of May two-thousand ten was â€Å"$67,720 annually† (U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages). However this statistic did not report the level of education held other than the title of registered nurse. Furthermore, nurses are held to a high standard to uphold to their duties and continue to give accurate, compassionate and safe care to all patients. Nevertheless, nurses play many roles other than a care-taker or pill pusher, they are expected to know about possible medication interactions that could harm a patient since they are the last line of protection for patient. Nurses have also been trained to think critically in times of crisis and to intervene with life-saving interventions without the supervision of a physician. Many of the â€Å"hazards on the job, include blood and body fluid exposure as well as musculoskeletal injuries related to ergonomic hazard from lifting and repetitive tasks† (Stone et al. 1984). During times of busy patient demands, nurses may also run the risk of harm to themselves, especially during the administration of an injection that could cause a needle puncture that may potentially be from an infected needle, or come in contact with the splashing of body fluids on exposed skin. However, many hospitals have currently up-graded equipment to help prevent unwanted needle stick exposures through the use of needle free systems, but there is still work to be done to keep nurses and patients safe. Furthermore, nurses may also be exposed to occupational injuries while lifting a patient in bed, or when a patient falls on a staff member and injures them in the same turn as well. Obviously some hospitals have improved the safety for staff, and patients with the use of lifts or ssistive devices, but time maybe of essence. With this in mind, the physical and mental demands of the nursing profession may take a toll on a person’s body, or it may potentially provoke thoughts of a career change from the risks involved. However, since nurses are also held accountable for mistakes made even when times are proven difficult, in hind sight turn this could potentially create a stressful environment full of expectations without satisfaction. Furthermore, â€Å"nurses’ working conditions have been associated with medication errors and falls, increased deaths, and spread of infection, but nurses report making more errors when working shifts greater than twelve hours, working overtime, or working more than forty hours per week† (Stone et al. 1984). In some hospitals nurses are given an assigned number of patients to care for, but patients are coming into the hospitals’ sicker than in previous years which can create a dilemma when assigning patient care. Some hospitals’ have been designated as a Magnet hospital where the maximum ratio is one nurse to five patients which could help ease some demands to be able to provide better care to patients, but this trend is still new to some healthcare systems. On a typical working shift nurses are responsible for medication administration, physical assessments and general care of the patient, but during times of staffing shortage nurses may have to provide all the care for all assigned patients. Generally speaking, nurses care for four to eight patients per shift while â€Å"an additional patient within this range was associated with a seven percent increase in the odds of dying within thirty days of admission and a seven percent increase in the odds of death following complications such as shock or pneumonia† (Keenen 1). In addition patients have a greater risk of infection due to lack of adequate infection control from proper hand washing by healthcare staff when staffing shortages occur. When nurses are held accountable for a certain number of patients, and one person falls out of bed down the hall while they were getting another patient up to the bathroom can create an unsafe and unsatisfactory environment for all involved parties that in turn can cause higher morbidity in patients. With a stressful environment and combined fear of making a mistake which would result in punitive action against them, â€Å"the U. S. healthcare system contains a safety climate which blames individuals for errors instead of the system or organizational failures that may really be at fault† (Fox and Abrahamson 235). With that said, more nurses feel pressured to not make any mistakes instead of being human. However, when hospitals’ are dealing with staffing issues and nurses are not able to give proper attention to their patients this in turn could create a dangerous situation for patients that have an increased mortality risk due to complications or co morbidities. Studies have shown that staffing insufficiencies increase the mortality risk in patients due to the inability to adequately care and educate patients on complications such as pneumonia or bloods clots which can be proven fatal. Nurses are also expected to perform many tasks that include life saving techniques in critical situations, but in order to keep these individuals with these skills employed by a specific facility it takes a clever approach to nursing retention. However, â€Å"research shows that nurses contribute heavily to the quality of patient care, reimbursement based upon performance outcomes would likely increase the economic value of nurses, thus improving wages, work environment and recruitment and retention† (Fox and Abrahamson 235). In the past, when hospitals were dealing with nursing shortages some would offer a sign-on bonus or a contract to pay for a portion of education expenses as an incentive to attract employees for difficult to recruit positions such as night shifts. Due to cost constraints some facilities were beginning to do away with sign-on bonuses and offer other assistance after a specific time period of employment. On the contrary, most facilities do not recognize nurses with compensation based on performance other than an increase in cost of living wages, but could benefit further through increased recognition programs. Since World War II the nursing profession had always been a female dominant profession until now, with the addition and encouragement of male nurses in the profession. Most patients saw nursing as a female dominant profession due the delicate nature of caring for sick patients and the need for gentle interactions and nurturing. Furthermore, working conditions were often poorer in nursing with a predominately female occupation. During times of economic recession more nurses were choosing to work, or continue employment to help meet the financial expectations of their households especially in times when other family members are facing a layoff or furlough. Although when the economy improves the shift of nurses actively working may change and create an even bigger nursing shortage while some may change careers or retire all together. Furthermore, with the introduction of men in nursing things have begun to change and more and more men were joining the nursing profession for career stability and advancement opportunities in an already female dominant profession. A man named James Derham â€Å"in 1783 who was a slave earned money to buy his freedom by working as a nurse† making him the first male nurse (Bonair and Philipsen 19). Nursing schools began offering scholarships to male nursing students as a way to attract more people to the nursing profession. With men in a female dominant profession they were making up â€Å"five to ten percent of the workforce in the UK, USA and Canada† while in the nursing profession they were more likely to be promoted into leadership roles (Brown 120). Male nurses generally started a nursing career at a younger age compared to their female counter parts. As working nurses were getting older many of them were planning for retirement at a time when a majority of people were retiring with the baby-boomer generation. More and more people began to choose a nursing career later in life, so consequently most nurses ended up retiring earlier due to the strains of the job or age factors. Consequently, the average age of nursing students graduating was thirty-one, while the average age of the working nurse is forty-six years old. Due to the popularity of nursing for some it is becoming a second career for individuals after many years of employment in other fields such as business, or computer industries that have had many changes and layoffs that contributed to the employment shift. With this new employment shift new nurses that began a nursing career as older adults are not working in the field as long and retiring sooner. Furthermore with the short periods of nursing employment, this again creates problems with fixing the nursing shortage across the country. Now that the factors of the nursing shortage have been described in detail, the next discussion will be about ways to fix the nursing shortage problem in America from the faculty shortage to loan forgiveness programs. If America is going to get out of the nursing shortage crisis the first step is to address the shortage of educators, and nursing faculty that teach and train the future nursing students. In order to create an interest in teaching there needs to be some changes with regards to income levels, and more education assistance to give nurses the ability to increase their knowledge. Some hospitals ffer opportunities to take a leave of absence from their jobs to pursue further education options without the fear of job loss. However, this in turn would not only be an asset to the individual but the facility as well that encouraged their employees to seek more education. Another factor in the nursing shortage is the number of clinical sites needed to give adequate clinical experi ences for nurses to learn in. In hospitals today nursing schools generally have clinical experiences five days a week instead of an additional two days on the weekend to meet more needs of clinical experience time. By offering the additional two days per week, nursing students would meet their clinical expectations ahead of schedule therefore they could graduate earlier and begin nursing practice sooner. This in turn would help to ease the shortage of trained nurses sooner and decrease the waitlist time for entrance into nursing school. In order to attract more nurses to continue advancing their education there needs to be more monetary compensation to pay for the cost of education in order to encourage more nurses to advance into teaching. Furthermore in order for the healthcare system and colleges to meet the recruitment demands and the shortage requirements there needs to be some collaboration between facilities for education and tuition assistance. Consequently to address the aging of the nursing faculty, more people need to be encouraged to continue their education without any lapse of time after graduation. Nevertheless, since most nurses cannot afford to pay for the higher expenses of college and continue to work then only a selected few would advance their education. However, some nurses may choose not to continue their education due to conflicts with work schedules and family, unless there was some loan assistance or forgiveness program widely used. The United States currently has loan forgiveness programs that pay the entire amount of the loan after requirements are met. Furthermore, after a nurse has completed two years of service in a hospital then they can apply for the loan forgiveness program that may take up to six months before a decision is made, and only a limited number of individuals are selected. In addition, if the United States invested in more healthcare facilities and offered more loan assistance and scholarships then people would be more attracted to the nursing profession and possibly reduce the nursing shortage. In conclusion, after discussing the many challenges that the nursing profession faces, it is still considered a highly respected field by many but may not be the choice for everyone. However, until the United States aggressively pursues a solution to the nursing shortage, better wages, and working conditions, then healthcare reform will define the critical needs of nurses that may end up costing more lives than money. In the end, if the nursing shortage continues, it could be catastrophic to American society at a time when healthcare has made so many advances to increase the life expectancy rate. Works Cited 2010-2011 Enrollment and Graduations in Baccalaureate and Graduate Programs in Nursing. † Fact Sheet-Nursing Shortage (2011). lt;http://www. aacn. nche. edu/Media/Factsheets/NursingShortage. htmgt;. Bonair, Jennifer, and Nayna Philipsen. â€Å"Men in Nursing: Addressing the Nursing Workforce Shortage and Our History. † Maryland Nurse. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 10. 3 (May-July 2009): 19. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Brown, Brian. â€Å"Men in nursing: Re-evaluating masculinities, re-evaluation gender. † Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 33. 2 (2009): 129. Web. 29 Oct. 2011 Fox, Rebekah L. , and Kathleen Abrahamson. â€Å"A Critical Examination of the U. S. Nursing Shortage: Contributing Factors, Public Policy Implications. † Nursing Forum. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, 44. 4 (Oct-Dec. 2009): 244. Web. Sept. 2011. Joint Statement from the Tri-Council for Nursing on Recent Registered Nurse Supply and Demand Projections. AACC, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. lt;http://www. aacn. nche. edu/Media/NewsReleases/21/tricouncil. htmlgt;. Keenen, Patricia. â€Å"The Nursing Workforce Shortage: Causes, Consequences, Proposed Solutions. † Issue Brief. CINHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO, (2003): 6. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. McHugh, Matthew D. â€Å"Hospital Nurse Staffing and Public Health Emergency Preparedness: Implications for Policy. † Public Health Nursing. 27. 5 (Sept/Oct 2010): 449. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. EBSCO. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. Stone, Patricia w. , et al. â€Å"Nurses Working Conditions: Implications for Infectious Disease. † Emerging Infectious Diseases 10. 11 (2004): 1989. Web. 28 Sept. 2011. lt;http://www. cdc. gov/eidgt;. The Demographic Challenges Facing Colorados Health Care Workforce. Colorado Center for Nursing Excellence, n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2011. lt;http://www. coloradonursingcenter. org/coloradogt;. U. S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Occupation: Registered Nurses. http://data. bls. gov, May 2010. Web. 1 Nov. 2011.

Language Acquistion Essays - Language Acquisition, Linguistics

Language Acquistion Language acquisition is the process of learning a native or a second language. Although how children learn to speak is not perfectly understood, most explanations involve both the observation that children copy what they hear and the inference that human beings have a natural aptitude for understanding grammar. Children usually learn the sounds and vocabulary of their native language through imitation, and grammar is seldom taught to them; that they rapidly acquire the ability to speak grammatically. This supports the theory of Noam Chomsky (1959). that children are able to learn the grammar of a particular language because all intelligible languages are founded on a deep structure of universal grammatical rules that corresponds to an innate capacity of the human brain. Adults learning a second language pass through some of the same stages, as do children learning their native language. In the first part of this paper I will describe the process of language acquisition. The second part will review how infants respond to speech. Language Acquisition Language is multifaceted. It contains both verbal and non-verbal aspects that children seem to acquire quickly. Before birth virtually all the neurons (nerve cells) are formed, and they migrate into their proper locations in the brain in the infant. When a baby is born, it can see and hear and smell and respond to touch, but only dimly. The brain stem, a primitive region that controls vital functions like heartbeat and breathing, has completed its wiring. Elsewhere the connections between neurons are wispy and weak. But over the first few months of life, the brain's higher centers explode with new synapses. This helps an infant to be biologically prepared to face the stages of language acquisition. According to the textbook Child Development: A Thematic Approach, 3rd Edition (D. Bukatko & M.W. Daehler, 1996, p. 252) there are four main components to language acquisition. These components are phonology, semantics, syntax and pragmatics. Phonology is the study of how speech sounds are organized and how they function. It is the main linguistic accomplishment during the first year of life. The phonology of language refers to fundamental sounds units and the rules for combining them. Each language has a certain number of sounds called phonemes. Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of a word. Infants are able to identify hundreds of variations of sounds. For example, an infant who is six months old can detect the difference between ma and pa. An infant's first year is mainly receiving messages but also working on being able to produce messages. As they physically develop infants form the ability to make sounds. Some of these initial sounds are cooing, vowel like utterances occasionally accompanied by consonants and babbling which are consonant-vowel combinations. During the first 6 months of life, physiological changes, such as the shape of oral cavity, tongue development, motor control of lips, and tooth eruption, also take place that contribute to speech development. One of the infants task is to identify phonemes. According to the textbook (D.Bukatko the fluctuations of the voice. For example, raising your voice to ask a question or lowering it to let the infant know you are serious. This helps infants to learn the phonology of their language and prepares them for the next stage of learning which is semantics. Semantics is the meaning of words or combination of words. Shortly before babies have their first birthday, they begin to understand words, and around that birthday, they start to produce them (Clark, 1993). Words are usually produced in isolation. This one-word stage can last from two months to a year. Children's first words are similar all over the planet. About half the words are for objects: food (juice, cookie), body parts (eye, nose), clothing (diaper, sock), vehicles (car, boat), toys (doll, block), and household items (bottle, light, animals (dog, kitty), and people (dada, baby). At this time children usually start to use gestures to call attention to an object or event defined as protodeclarative communication. Protoimperative communication is the use of a gesture to issue a

Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Streetcar Named Desire Essays Streetcar Named Desire Essay Streetcar Named Desire Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire Within the play Streetcar Named Desire written by Tennessee Williams, the lives and relationship of Blanche DuBois and Stella Kowalski are plotted out in a scene of events that depicts astute betrayal and out of the ordinary family matters. Based on the time period of this play, that being of the Old South conservative dominated region of New Orleans with local and national aristocracy still in heavy play, the traditions play out in a way that involve a simple family dispute turning in to Blanche being carried out by the psychiatric ward. Blanche’s forthcomings predicted by her misfortune are carried along to the Kowalski family. These misfortunes are stifled as much as possible and are avoided at the cost of the integrity of Blanche herself. Blanche’s stay is short lived with all of the drama that happened while new characters are introduced such as Shep Huntleigh, the millionaire, and Mitch, the sneaky best friend of Stanely Kowalski’s. In terms of prescriptive criticism, I would personally augment the plot in a direction that would take a more in-depth dramatization of the deterioration of Blanche’s and Stella’s family relationship. The intricate characters that create this classic play are all blend together as one big happy distorted family. Blanche’s character is definitely that of a round character that shows characteristics of somebody that has some mental issues that root from the suicide of her recent husband, which led to her promiscuous behavior at her previous town. Stella, on the other hand, has her situation more in control than Blanche does. The family household that Stella and her husband, Stanely, were happily running, before Blanche calmly forced herself in to, lived up to the standards of the typical American home in New Orleans. Aside from Stella’s beginning characteristics of being the big sister that knows better, she deviates from traditions and becomes promiscuous with the new character, Mitch, which is introduced at the time of Stanely’s favorite past time: a poker game. Mitch twists the plot around to where Blanche’s misfortune is being radiated to the, what used to be, happy family. Mitch’s character is that of a persistent lovebird that attaches himself to the demise of Blanche. Stanely’s role is generally expressed when he blows up during one of his poker games when he observes the chemistry that is going on between Blanche and Mitch in the bedroom. The characters Williams designed were effective, although a few changes could prove to be positive. Mitch’s personality could have been more persuasive and impeding on the Kowalski household. Aside from Mitch, if the character that constructed Blanche spanned out to where nobody knew about her past until the end, it would of built up a feeling of suspense and confusion about where her mental issues came from. The main theme that shows to be prevalent throughout this play involves accepting the facts of reality. Blanche’s life unravels after the turn of events involving her husband and other misfortunes. Her denial of her own shortcomings and weak points such as alcohol, sexual promiscuity, as well as her inflated ego, all equate to why she ends up in the situation that concludes the play. This specific theme for the play shows through in every character, not just simply that of Blanche. Stanely’s denial is shown throughout his macho appearance, supplemented by his reprimanding personality. His inability to see these specific characteristics within himself is labeled as his detachment from reality. Moving along with the theme of distorted reality accompanied by personal denial, Stella has also got a growing problem. Stella follows more of a degenerated path. Her beginning observations about the setting that she lives in involve more complacent and comfortable diction. She understands the fact that her shabby apartment does not label her as that of a poor slum girl that is just squeaking by on meager revenue. Although, as the play progresses, Stella begins to accept the feelings of denial that are dormant throughout all of the drama. She refuses to believe the actions of Stanely and Blanche nearing the end as well as the rugged path that Blanche supposedly states to have lived. The theme works perfect for the characters that Williams designed. Based on prescriptive criticism, I would have to create the same theme based on the fact that the pieces fall perfect and the plot lays the steppingstones to this specific theme. The diction that is utilized by Tennessee Williams fits right in with the time place that is being specifically depicted. William’s takes advantage of the wit that has been encapsulated within the relationship of Blanche and Stella. Their wit shows copious amounts of sarcasm, tradition, and typical back talk. The specific diction that Williams uses acts as the main shaping tool for the characters that tend to be a bit difficult to understand. This Old South diction has to do with reactions to certain events that would be treated differently back in those days, such as playing poker with women in the house. The literature is fairly straight forward in terms of being fancy or not, it delivers the effective message and sets the mood of a great big family dispute. If the diction was in my control, there could have possibly been more of a modern twist on the specific words. The issue of the sarcasm and wit being too bland or lacking substance, is easily fixed by replacing them with more relative terms and sentences. Throughout the play, the mood was primarily set through the verbal diction and character roles that I just could not wait to find out where they would end up. To act as a very efficient compliment to the play as a whole, the music selection found a comfortable median between soothing jazz and old time mysterious musical scores. The reasoning behind this choice of music would have to be based solely on the time period that Williams put his pen to the paper. The choice of jazz encases the growth as well as degeneration of integrity throughout the characters and their actions. There really is no substitute for the music choice of the play since it really does match the mood in every aspect. The mysterious music score is necessary because there has to be some type of suspense that involves figuring out the character’s personalities and actions as a whole. Aside from all other aspects of the play that have been discussed, the visual elements were some of the most important that separate it from failure to success. The characters were displayed by the setting that was designed with material and objects that would belong back when the Old South was prevalent. This includes material that would be considered luxuries back in New Orleans dominated by right-wing slums. The cleanliness was outlined with the conservative notion and it also went along with the somewhat traditional lifestyle that the Kowalski family attempted to live. The loud colors that were worn by the men throughout the play show that of a domineering character and play hand in hand with an alpha figure. The dark and solemn colors worn by the Stella represented her calm nature that progressed throughout the play as the events span out in order. This could also be related to the role that women played back in the reality of this day and age. Blanche on the other hand, comes from a totally different lifestyle which includes that of extravagant colors. The difference between Blanche’s style and Stella’s lack of flamboyance is used as a crucial blueprint as to where they each derive from in actuality. If the visual aspects were under my control, I would have given the women a bit more of an intricate theme of clothes. The role within the play of Stella and Blanche served as way too integral to have them wearing bland and clothes lacking the amount of diversity that was shown throughout the diction that Williams expressed.

How Inappropriate General Wage Levels and Wage Inflation Can Cause In Assignment

How Inappropriate General Wage Levels and Wage Inflation Can Cause Increased Unemployment - Assignment Example Unemployment is often considered as a disease in the society; its major impact is the fact that the productivity that can be obtained by employing the unemployed resources is foregone. Additionally, it adds poverty to the society, frustration to the individuals, and more often than not, the symptoms of unemployment can be observed by tracking crime rate as it often creeps up. There are several reasons for unemployment, however, in the current economic situation; recession can be identified as the ‘hottest’ reason. Recession not just leads to unemployment in the short run but has long-term negativity associated to the same, by the due fact that individuals lose their interest in gaining relevant skills for a job, and subsequently, when recovery takes place and demand of the labor moves up, but lack of appropriately required skill set makes it difficult for employment levels to move up, and thus, recovery becomes very slow (Blanchard, 2008). Inflation, as simply defined as an increase in general price levels, is also a critical aspect of the economy, and is an important economic indicator. Despite the fact that inflation illustrates the growth of an economy, at the same time, this variable needs to be retained within certain limits because exceeding a certain value would imply excessive increasing prices, putting pressure on consumer pockets, and not allowing them to retain their standard of living, let alone increasing them. Inflation is influenced by various economic elements such as various input costs, depreciating the local currency, etc, while it also affects other economic elements at the same time (Nellis, 2006). Consider a scenario in which average wage is on the greater side, then as per the above equation, the unit labour cost would be on the higher side as well. Following this scenario, it can be assumed that the producer would have to increase the price of the output to ensure profit margins remaining at the past numbers, if not moving ahead that is.  

Women and poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and poverty - Essay Example With the poverty levels in women growing at a faster rate than those of men, different authors have sought to look for alternatives to solving the problem. With the governmental agencies seemingly relaxing on addressing the issue, it remains the efforts of researchers to provide the solution to the problem. In Canada, Burkhauser and Sabia seek to offer solutions with the intention of minimizing the high poverty levels among women by bridging the wage gap between men and women. They observe that only men occupy big jobs in organizations, with women assuming the role of support personnel. Although more women now have jobs, the fact that they do not occupy large positions in these firms contributes to the wide poverty gap. According to them, the best way of solving the problem of high poverty levels in women is through increasing the minimum wage levels among women in the society. They argue that despite the fact that people work in big organizations, they have low incomes, which when p assed over to the family, creates a vicious cycle of poverty in the society. The journal addresses on the means available to reduce the level of poverty. While other articles propose on the means of reducing the level of poverty among women in the society, this particular article offers guidelines on how raising the minimum wage levels for women as the most significant solution to the problem. The government, while addressing the problem of poverty in Canada, have even influenced the politics of neoliberalism in Canada.... With the governmental agencies seemingly relaxing on addressing the issue, it remains the efforts of researchers to provide solution to the problem. In Canada, Burkhauser and Sabia seek to offer solutions with the intention of minimizing the high poverty levels among women by bridging the wage gap between men and women. They observe that only men occupy big jobs in organizations, with women assuming the role of support personnel. Although more women now have jobs, the fact that they do not occupy large positions in these firms contributes to the wide poverty gap. According to them, the best way of solving the problem of high poverty levels in women is through increasing the minimum wage levels among women in the society. They argue that despite the fact that people work in big organizations, they have low incomes, which when passed over to the family, creates a vicious cycle of poverty in the society. The journal addresses on the means available to reduce the level of poverty among t he women in the society. While other articles propose on the means of reducing the level of poverty among women in the society, this particular article offers guidelines on how raising the minimum wage levels for women as the most significant solution to the problem. Coulter, Kendra. â€Å"Women, Poverty Policy, and the Production of Neoliberal Politics in Ontario, Canada.† Journal of Women, Politics & Policy (2009): 30.1. Print. The government, while addressing the problem of poverty in Canada, have even influenced the politics of neo-liberalism in Canada. Coulter (24) observes, â€Å"In confronting inadequate social policies and the political terrain on which the policies exist, these women exposed the difficulties of challenging both neoliberal policy and political

Dual Band Bandpass Filter Using Meandered Ring Resonator

Dual Band Bandpass Filter Using Meandered Ring Resonator Dual band bandpass filter using Meandered ring resonator using loaded DGS Mariselvam V, Raju S Abstract Compact microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (DBBPF) with high selectivity and good suppression for wireless local area networks (WLANs) is proposed utilizing a novel embedded scheme resonator loaded ring resonator DGS. Two passbands are produced by a pair of embedded half-wavelength meandered stepped-impedance resonator (MSIR) and a quad wavelength short stub loaded stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) separately. The loaded DGS avoids the cross talk in the pass band which is useful to achieve very sharp cutoff in the pass band. The resonator is fed by folded T Shaped capacitive source-load coupling microstrip feed line, and four transmission zeros are obtained at both sides of the bands to improve selectivity and suppression. Simultaneously, the size of the filter is extremely compact because embedding half-wavelength MSIR only changes the interior configuration of quad-wavelength SIR. To validate the design method, the designed filter is fabricated and measured. Both simulated and me asured results indicate that good transmission property has been achieved. Keywords:  Low-pass filter, spurious rejection, linear phase, ring resonators, microstrip filters microwave filters. 1. Introduction BPFs are important block in RF front-to-end and have drawn much attention since they can reject the useless signals. In [1–3], miniaturized BPFs with high selectivity and enhanced out-of-band performance are designed for wireless communication systems. In recent years, with the development of different wireless standards, such as global system for mobile communication (GSM), wireless local-area network (WLAN) and world interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), designing multi-band BPFs with miniaturized size, high selectivity and controllable frequencies has become a trend. In [4–6], compact and high selectivity dual-band BPFs are designed by two sets of resonators, stepped-impedance resonators (SIR) and stub-loaded resonators, respectively. For dual-band BPF designs, various approaches have been studied. A simple effective method is to utilize two or three sets of resonators [7–10]. In [7], a high selectivity dual-band BPF is designed by using coupled stepp ed impedance resonators. Each set of resonators operates at a pass band, resulting in controllable frequencies. Unfortunately, it has large size due to the multi-sets of resonators. In this a novel Meandered stepped impedance resonator with loaded DGS is utilized to achieve the desired dual pass band and the size is reduced. The two passbands are generated through respective resonators. High selectivity is obtained by the introduction of several finite attenuation poles in stopband. Compared with the conventional dual band filter, the filter is smaller in size and better in performance. 2. Analysis of stepped impedance resonator To design a DBBPF using SIRs, the properties of SIR must be analyzed first. As shown in Fig. 1, the basic structure of half-wavelength SIR consists of two lines of different characteristic impedances Z1 and Z2 and electrical lengths ÃŽ ¸1 and ÃŽ ¸2. It can be treated as two uniform cells (cell A and cell B). The resonance conditions can be obtained from one of them since the half-wavelength SIR is symmetrical [10]. The impedance of the resonator can be calculated as expression According to the above equation, the resonance appears when Zin is infinite, namely the denominator is equal to zero. As a result, the following expression can be obtained as the resonance condition Where Rz is the impedance ratio. In expression (2), we can see that the resonance conditions are determined by ÃŽ ¸1, ÃŽ ¸2 and Rz. It can adjust these three factors to obtain the resonance that we required, and a dual mode filter can be designed by using SIR. Fig. 1.Basic structure of the half wave length SIR (3) à Ã‚ ´s1 is the electrical length for the first spurious frequency fs1 .In this paper is to design a good WLAN filter, the first spurious frequency must be avoided at the designed lower passband. 3. Design of DBBPF Fig. 2 shows the transformation process to design an embedded-scheme resonator for DBBPF. In Fig.2 (a) a quad-wavelength short stub loaded SIR is shown. To reduce its size, the SIR is folded as an open-loop. Additionally, the low impedance lines of quad-wavelength short stub loaded SIR are broad enough to provide area for a small resonator, which make it possible to embed a pair of small coupling resonators. So, we replace the low impedance lines with a pair of meandered SIRs, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). To achieve a high performance dual-band filter, it is necessary to introduce transmission zeros at both sides of the bands. Due to the existence of DGS, magnetic coupling takes up dominant position on the short stub loaded SIR shown in Fig. 2(a). On the other hand, as the embedded MSIR is folded as an open-loop, it has the maximum electric field density at the side with an open gap, and the maximum magnetic field density at the opposite side. If the sides with the maximum magnetic f ield of two coupled resonators are proximately placed, the magnetic coupling can be obtained. Therefore, the coupling between the half wavelength SIR loops is also magnetic [15]. So, transmission zeros near the two pass bands can be generated by feeding microstrip feed line with capacitive source-load coupling, which because the counteraction between electric field and magnetic field. These transmission zeros have permits to improve selectivity and suppression of this filter. (b) Fig. 2.Embedded Resonator DBBPF design scheme. A filter proposed for WLAN is shown in Fig. 4.A set of parameters of it is given in Tab.1. 4. Filter Configuration Fig.3.T shaped stub loaded resonator Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the proposed micro strip dual-band BPF. It is composed of two sets of resonators. The outer resonators are stub-loaded resonators operating at the first and two pass band frequencies, i.e., 3.68 GHz and 7.01 GHz. Fig.3 illustrate the configuration of the resonator. It consists of a transmission line of length and a T-shaped stub loaded at the line centre is the overall length of the lines, namely L. L= B1+2d1+2f1+2C2+s1+2f1 Open-circuited coupled-lines with the length C2and gap C1 are employed to realize electrical coupling. Two transmission lines with the characteristic impedance of 50à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ are connected to the outer resonators, acting as input and output ports. Embedded between the two outer resonators, the inner resonators 2 and3 are used to yield the second pass band at f2. The inner resonators are fed by the outer ones. Using this structure, multi-path coupling can be realized for the pass band, which can help generate a pair of transmission zeros. (a) (b) Fig. 4. Schematic view of the proposed filter (a) Top view (b) Bottom view 5. CSRR DGS UNIT The Ring Resonator structures are designed and produced by applying the Babinet principle to the split ring resonators (SRR). In this way structures with apertures in metal surface are obtained and these CSRRs create negative ÃŽ µ instead of negative ÃŽ ¼ in a narrow range near the resonance frequency. In microstrip technology, left handed Metamaterial structures exhibiting band stop behaviour can be implemented by etching CSRRs in the ground plane, underneath the conductor strip, and along the series capacitive gaps. The gap provides a negative value of the effective permeability up to certain frequency that depends on gap dimensions and separation. The negative ÃŽ µ structure has been obtained by loading a microstrip line with CSRR particles as shown in Fig.4. There are many different parameters that affect resonance frequency of CSRR, most dominant being the permittivity of the substrate and length of the resonator. The resonance frequency is inversely proportional to the length o f the resonator and is directly proportional to the split gap of the resonator. It is considered that the CSRR particle is etched only in the ground plane. CSRR etching depth decides the strength of the resonance increases [12]-[13] In order to improve the sharper cut-off, compact in size and harmonic suppression ability of the conventional dual band pass filter a CSRR is loaded in the bottom of the filter. The CSRR is designed at the anti-resonance frequency. Inherent nature of anti-resonance behaviour, it rejects the frequencies above cut-off frequency. In this way we achieved sharp cut-off.the dimensions of the ring resonator is given in Table.1. 6. Simulated and measured results To validate the characteristics, the proposed dual band filter is fabricated and measured in a FR4 substrate with a relative dielectric constant 4.4 a thickness of 1.6mm has been used in this paper. 50 ohms microstrip feed line with a width of 2.2mm is located at both of the input and output ports.fig 6 shows the photograph of the fabricated dual band filter. Fig.7. depicts the simulated and measured results of the proposed filter simultaneously. Here CST microwave studio is used for simulation and an Agilent network analyser N5230A is used for measurement. The simulated / measured minimum insertion losses are 0.65/0.985dB respectively at 3.684GHz band and 0.98/1.35dB respectively at 7.01 GHz. The size of the proposed layout is 14.5mmX19.9mm. (a) (b) Fig.6. Photograph of the Prototype of dual- band filter (a) top view (b) bottom view (a) (b) Fig.7. Simulated and measured (a) S11 (b) S21 of the proposed filter Tab. 1.  Parameters of the proposed filter Tab. 2.  Comparison of the proposed filter IL-insertion loss FBW- Fractional Band width 7. Conclusion In this paper, a dual band filter designed by embedded resonator loaded with ring resonator DGS was presented. A t-shaped embedded resonator with capacitive source –load coupling is used for feeding and multiple transmission zeros are created and DGS ring resonator is loaded to improve the performance of the filter. A good quality dual band Bandpass filter operating at 3.684 GHz and 6.83GHz for WLAN is well designed and fabricated .The size of the filter is 14.5X19.9mm which is very small. References JUN, S., K. CHANG., Compact microstrip bandpass filter using miniaturized hairpin resonator. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 65–71. DAI, G.L., M.Y. XIA., Novel miniaturized bandpass filters using spiral-shaped resonators and window feed structures. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2010, vol. 100, pp. 235–243. WEI. X., P. WANG, AND Y. SHI. M., Compact mixed-cross coupled bandpass filter with enhanced frequency selectivity. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 73–82. CHAUDHARY, G., Y. JEONG, J. LIM., Dual-band bandpass filter with independently tuneable center frequencies and bandwidths IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 107–116. ZHANG, R. AND L. ZHU, Design of a compact dual-band bandpass filter using coupled stepped impedance resonators. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett., 2014, vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 155–157. GAO, L. X. Y. ZHANG, High selectivity dual-band bandpass filter using a quad-mode resonator with source-load coupling. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett. 2013, vol. 23, No. 9, pp. 474–476. ZHANG, S., L. ZHU. Compact tri-band bandpass filter based on ÃŽ »/4 resonators with U-folded coupled-line. IEEE Microw. Wireless. Compon. Lett, 2013, vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 258–260. CHEN, F., C. Q. X. CHU, Design of compact tri-band bandpass filters using assembled resonators. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2009, Vol. 57, pp. 165–171 XU, K., Y. ZHANG, D. LI, Y. FAN, J. L.-W. LI, W. T. JOINE, AND Q. H.LIU, Novel design of a compact triple-band bandpass filter using short stub-loaded SIRs and embedded SIRs structure. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 142, pp. 309–320. PENG, Y., L. ZHANG, Y. LENG, J. GUAN, A compact tri-band pass band filter based on three embedded bending stub resonators. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 2013, vol. 37, pp. 189–197. RUNQIZHANG, LEIZHU. Y, Design of a compact dual band band pass filter using coupled stepped – impedance resonators. IEEE Micro. Wireless. Compon. Lett, 2014, vol.24, No.3 pp.155-157. RUNQIZHANG, LEIZHU, Synthesis and Design of Wideband Dual-Band Bandpass Filters With Controllable In-Band Ripple Factor and Dual Band Isolation IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 2013, Vol. 61, pp. 1820–1828. KARUPPIAH ANNARAM, SURESH NITHYA. Investigation of Compact Low Pass Filter with Sharp Cut–Off using Metamaterial. RADIOENGINEERING, 2013, VOL. 22, NO. 3. BAENA, J. D., BONACHE, J., MARTIN, F., SILLERO, R. M. Equivalent circuit models for split ring resonators, and complementary split ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2005, vol. 53, no. 4, p. 1451-1461. B. F. ZONG, G. M. WANG, H. Y. ZENG, Y. W. WANG. Compact and High Performance Dual-band Bandpass Filter using Resonator-embedded Scheme for WLANs. RADIOENGINEERING, 2012, VOL. 21, NO. 4.