New Firm Registration And The Business Law - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the New Firm Registration And The Business Law. Answer: Introduction To form a company limited by liability in Ireland, a series of steps need to be followed. It can be mentioned to Robert that a company limited by liability is one in which the members of the company are not fully liable for the loss sustained by the company law. Their liability is restricted to the value of shares held by them in the company. The rules governing the operations of a company limited by liability are stated in the Companies Act 2014. Advice to be given to Robert regarding formation of the company The establishment of a company in Ireland is a complicated process and there are several steps involved in the formation of a company. Companies can be of several types depending on the nature of the company. However in this report, the steps involved in the formation of a limited liability company will be discussed as Robert intends to open a Limited Liability Company. The essential requirements for the formation of a limited liability company are: Deciding a name of the company Deciding the type of company to be formed Constitution of the Company Setting up the registered office of the company Appointing the directors of the company Appointing a company secretary Raising the capital Determining the shareholders of the company Company Name The name of the company must be unique to prevent raising confusion in the minds of the people about its similarity to any other company. Certain words such as insurance, group and bank cannot be used in the name of the companies unless special permission is obtained for the use of these words in the name of the company. It is to be stated that the use of names which are considered offensive by the state are also prohibited. The use of non descriptive words in the name of the company is not counted. Company type The type of company intended to be formed by Robert in this case is a company limited by liability. It is to be mentioned that a accompany limited by liability is a company in which the members can be held liable for the debts of the same only to the extent of the value of their shares. It can be said that a limited liability company is one, which has both the characteristics of a corporation and sole trader (Bourne 2016). Constitution of the Company It is to be mentioned that the rules and guidelines of forming a company is governed by the Companies Act 2014 (Irishstatutebook 2017). The Act states that in order to incorporate a company certain documents such as the Memorandum of Association and the Articles of Association must be filed with the Companies Registry Office. According to section 21 of the Companies Act 2014, the companys constitution should be delivered to the Registrar along with statement in prescribed form containing the name of the first directors of the company, name of the person to be appointed as the first secretary of the company, name of the persons appointed as the first assistant and deputy secretary of the company, the address of the registered office of the company and the place where the central administration of the company would be carried on. The statement to be submitted to the registrar must be signed by or on behalf of the every subscriber of the companys constitution (Klapper and Randall 2015). It must also have the signature of the ever director and secretary. Registered Office of the company The registered office is the official address of the company. It can be aid that the company must be located within the territory of Ireland. However, the trade address of the company is different from the registered office. Directors The directors of the company re appointed to run the company on behalf of the members of the company. The primary directors of the company are the members who establish the company initially. The minimum number of directors to be appointed for private companies is one as stated by the section 128 Companies Act 2014. The appointment of directors subsequent to the formation of the company is generally decided in the annual general meeting by a resolution passed by the members. Company Secretary It is to be mentioned that an Irish Company must have a company secretary who will be in charge fulfilling the statutory obligations of the company. The responsibilities of the Company secretary include maintaining the books of the company and ensuring that the annual returns of the company are filed on time. It is to be noted that the company secretary can e director as well as a separate person Authorized Share Capital and Issued Share Capital Authorized share capital is the amount of shares that a company can call upon if required. However the issued share capital is the actual amount of capital that is raised by the payment by the shareholders for the shares allotted to them Shareholders It can be mentioned that the share holders are the owners of the company as they contribute to the raising of the capital. The number shares allotted to share holders and the total value of the same represent their proportionate ownership in the company. The minimum of age of a shareholder must be 18. The details of the shareholders are required to be registered with the Company Registry Office. Limited Liability Company As stated earlier the company which Robert wishes to form is a Limited Liability company. It can be said that a company limited by liability means the shareholders of the company are liable for the debts only to the extent of the value of shares (Hannigan 2015). It can be noted that the a Limited Liability company can avail the pass through feature of taxation just as any partnership firm or sole trader at same time limiting the liability of the members to the value of their shares held by them. A limited liability company does not consider paying taxes or sustain the losses as it acts as a separate legal entity (Haldane 2015). The burden of taxation is borne completely by the owners. The owners have to express the profits of business and the losses incurred by the business in their income tax return statements. There are several advantages and disadvantages of limited liability companies. Advantages The members of the company are liable for the debts only up to a certain extent and do not have unlimited liability Such companies have the freedom of choosing the form of distributing their profits Such companies do not need to comply with legal provision for conducting meetings Pass-through taxation principles are applicable to such companies. Disadvantages Such companies have limited life span and are dissolved by the death of the members or bankruptcy Such companies cannot go public Although the complexities and the paperwork involved for the formation of such companies are lesser than a corporation but they are subsequently more than a sole proprietorship Therefore, to start a company limited by liability the aforementioned steps must be followed by Robert. It can be stated that Robert must consider the advantages and disadvantages of Limited Liability Company prior to forming the company Pharmacy 4 U Ltd. Ways to ensure that the ownership Pharmacy 4 U Ltd remains with Roberts family. It is to be mentioned that the company intended to be formed by Robert is a limited liability, company therefore the company cannot issue shares to the public for raising the capital of the company. It can be noted that the majority of the shares of the company should be held by Robert to prevent the passing of control of the company to anyone else outside his family. It is to be noted that ownership in Limited Liability Company is determined by either percentage of shares and by membership units. Unlike a corporation a Limited liability company has the power to distribute the ownership interests of the company to any member it pleases regardless of the amount of shares held by the member (Shepherd and Ridley 2015). A limited liability company has the power to create special voting rights for its members. While forming a company limited by shares the owners must determine the type of membership and the contribution of the same. An operating agreement is a contract which specifies what operations would be conducted by the limited liability company (Tricker and Tricker, 2015). The operating agreement will also include buy-sell provisions and buyout provisions which will in turn govern the transfer of ownership. It can be stated that buy sell agreements generally specify methods of how to place a value on the business and its membership interests. The aforementioned agreement can also place restrictions on membership of the company and can state the methods for recalling the shares from the members who wish to depart from the company. In this case Robert must clearly review the details of the operating agreement of the company he intends to create. It can be mentioned that to avoid the transfer of control of the Company Pharmacy 4 u Ltd, Robert must ensure that none of the shares of the company is issued to outsiders as the same would give them certain control over the affairs of the company. According to section 105 of the Companies Act 2014, it can be sated that the company Pharmacy 4 U Ltd can acquire its own shares to prevent the distribution of shares to outsiders. However such acquisition of shares would made of the profits of the company as stated by Section105 (2a) of the Companies Act 2014. Conclusion Thus to conclude, it can be said that the essential requirements as stated in the Companies Act 2014 need to be followed precisely for the formation of a limited liability company. It can be said that a company limited by liability is easy to be formed as the documentation involved in the formation of such a company is less complicated than a corporation. In this case, it can be sated that the company Pharmacy 4 U Ltd can acquire its own shares to prevent the distribution of shares to outsiders. Reference Act, C., 2014. The Companies Act 2014. Bourne, N., 2016.Bourne on company law. Routledge. Haldane, A., 2015, May. Who owns a company?. InSpeech, University of Edinburgh Corporate Finance Conference, May 22nd. Hannigan, B., 2015.Company law. Oxford University Press, USA. Irishstatutebook.ie. (2017).Companies Act 2014. [online] Available at: https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/38/enacted/en/html [Accessed 1 Dec. 2017]. Klapper, L., Love, I. and Randall, D., 2015. New firm registration and the business cycle.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,11(2), pp.287-306. Shepherd, C. and Ridley, A., 2015.Company Law. Routledge. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA.

Sexual Education Essay Example Essay Example

Sexual Education Essay Example Paper Sexual Education Essay Introduction Sexual Education Essay Body Paragraphs Sexual Education Sex education is a general term that is used to define human sexuality. Through this education, young people acquire information sex, relationship and sexual identity. When young people learn they get skills, which will help them in decision-making. They start becoming more responsible about their actions and behavior. Their attitudes improve, as they will become more confident and ready to encounter their challenges. It has been made part of the curriculum in schools. However, some countries have not embraced it because there are ongoing controversies. Some people consider this education more harmful than beneficial. Teaching them about birth control methods may encourage them to engage in premarital sex. On the other hand, it is risky not to teach them. They should understand their bodies and learn how to be responsible. It will help them to stay away from dangerous sexual practices. The countries with conservative policies about sex education have high percentages of teenage hood pregnancies and STD infections. This is because teenagers are not advised on how to control their sexual practices. Everyone had his or her own way of learning about sexuality. Sex education was a taboo when I grew up. Parents would shy off from educating their children, and they would leave the teachers to do it. Due to this situation, we found ourselves gathering many rumors about this subject. Some were facts, but some turned out to be false information. When I was a child, I wondered where babies came from. One day I innocently asked my mother. She looked at me with shock on her face. It made her uncomfortable, but she reluctantly told me they come from God. He puts them in hospitals and doctors give them to mothers to raise them. I only came to learn the truth during my first years in elementary school. I was disappointed with my mother and demanded to know why she tricked me. She said I would not have understood the truth because I was very young. When I start ed my adolescent stage, my parents used to caution me not to play with boys. I found it mighty strange and impossible because I went to a mixed school. I was still naive, so I did not understand why suddenly I should avoid boys. After a detailed lecture about sexuality, we understood the metaphorical phrase. It actually meant as a girl, I should be careful when socializing with boys. Adolescents get attracted to each other, and they can easily engage in irresponsible sex. I felt it was unfair to use such indirect language to a naive girl. Were it not for that lecture, I would have never understood what my parents meant. The most frightening fact I learnt about sex is that one can get pregnant through unprotected sex. I could not stand the thought of being pregnant before marriage, so I promised myself, I would be a very responsible person. I also decide not to have any boyfriends until I finish university education. This was to help me to avoid temptations of irresponsible sex. As I continued to learn more I realized one should not be scared but rather, careful. Having many sex education discussions and talking to an adult helped me a lot. Adults are good counselors on challenges experienced by young people. I learnt valuable lessons from counselors. Young people can interact with the opposite sex in a healthy way. For example, it is possible for a boy and a girl to date without having sex. Most parents get involved in their adolescent children’s lives for guidance. In girls, menstruation is a significant change in their bodies. A few days before I started my menses, we had been taught about what to do when the cycle starts. I had always been looking forward to the day I would start. I feared starting high school before my menses begin. There were rumors that other girls used to tease those who never got periods. They considered them immature. I was very happy when I started. I learnt that it is not such an exciting experience as I thought it would be. In fact, that day I felt moody and unhappy. There were other symptoms like abdominal pains, fatigue and nausea among others. I longed for the day the cycle would end. I told my best friend about it, and she was happy for me. I thought to myself if she only knew, she would never want to menstruate. Having periods was only a secret that was supposed to be for girls. If a boy knew, it would be very shameful. Therefore, girls used to be extremely discreet during those days. In high school, this topic was discussed more often, and it was made part of the curriculum. The specific areas that were given attention were parts of the reproductive system and reproductive health. We were taught about family planning and sexually transmitted diseases. When we learnt about the various family planning methods, it was the first time I saw a condom. The teacher brought samples and every student had a look at them. I was astonished because I had a different idea of how they looked. When we were in mid dle school, there were rumors that condoms were not safe because they had microscopic holes. Our teacher confirmed that this was false information. One of the best contraceptives is condoms. They protect people from STIs and pregnancies. There is no other multi purpose contraceptive. It was emphasized because there were very many young people who made wrong choices because of lack of knowledge. Through the years, the number of teenage pregnancies has increased. For instance, in USA there are eight hundred and fifty thousand pregnancies annually. Another 9.1 million people who are below the age of twenty-five years, contract sexually transmitted diseases. We went on to learn about different forms of sexual orientations. For example, we discussed homosexuality. People gave different contributions because it was a controversy in the whole nation. At that time, I felt that was not a topic worth discussion because I was against it. I considered homosexuality an act against nature and tho ught people were just trying to change what should not be changed. I have developed a liberal mind, and I think these are personal issues. People are at free will to choose the sex orientation they please. However, they are also advised to practice safe intimacy. In some countries, they recognize even gay marriages but some abhor it hence, it is an illegal marriage set up. The people who are mostly against it are religious groups. They argue according to their teachings of creations. A man and woman will unite and start a family. Therefore, doing anything contrary to that is abomination to them. This type of education targets to decrease the risks of irresponsible sexual behavior. For instance, early pregnancies and STI. In many developing countries, HIV prevalence is high because of lack of sex education. Young people are not taught how to practice safe sex. They consider teaching them will encourage them to engage in sexual behaviors. Adults just preach to them about abstinence. T he world has changed, and people must accept these changes. It is better to teach teenagers about sex education since they are sexually active. Such countries are conservative, and they hope their young people will follow their advice. Issues of contraception and abortion are key topics in this education. They aim to discourage unwanted pregnancies, which lead to opting abortion. This alternative is risky, and the counselors ensure they emphasize it, should be avoided. This is where the topic of contraceptives becomes helpful because it is a solution to unplanned pregnancies and STIs. Another aim of sex education is to enhance young people’s good experiences of sexuality. This is done by improving their relationships and capability of making the right decisions in their lives. This education should enable the youth to get protection as well as enjoy the nature of their sexuality. As young people learn about their sexuality, they develop skills. These kinds of skills are relat ed to the general skills of life. They include communication, ability to negotiate and ability to recognize relevant sources of assistance. Very many other skills are used to have a healthy sexual relationship. These skills will help them to identify unnecessary influence from other people, and they will resist. Since youthful years are full of challenges, these skills will help young people to combat the challenges. Sex education is full of a lot of false information. The skills achieved will help young people to determine true and false information. They can do this by comparing what they were taught to what they are told. In case they are not sure, they will enquire from reliable sources. The greatest achievement of acquiring these skills is to enable the youth to practice morality. When the youth is equipped with sex education, they will learn many attitudes and beliefs about sexuality. There could be a lot of confusion about this. Health education emphasizes that young people s hould abstain whereas the media may suggest the contrary like being sexually active is a good thing. Since sexuality is a very delicate matter, educators should have substantial stands on what people should believe. Young people like to discuss moral and cultural issues related to sexuality. It is a good way of finding out more about other people’s opinions on these issues. Sexuality is a natural thing and hugely influential in every person’s life. Every adolescent has the right to know and study his body. Lack of this valuable knowledge may lead to extremely severe and unbearable circumstances. If a young boy or girl was not taught about growth, development and sexuality, they may suffer depression because they do not understand what is happening to them. If they would indulge in unsafe sex and the girl gets pregnant, she will suffer psychologically and physically. Lack of attention from guardians will make an adolescent feel neglected. They might even engage in dange rous behavior as a way of demanding attention. This is why guardians and teachers are required to offer young people full support and guidance as they continue to develop.

Comparing two ballads Essays

Comparing two ballads Essays Comparing two ballads Essay Comparing two ballads Essay Essay Topic: W H auden Poems A ballad is a story often set to song and here I am going to study in detail the make-up and difference between two very different ballads.  For my first poem I chose La Belle Dame Sans Merci, (The Beautiful Woman Without Thanks) by John Keats. Comparing to this I chose W.H. Audens: MissGee. Out of the selection I picked these two poems because of how strongly they attracted my attention; Keats because it was so romantic and full of beauty and Audens because of the simplistic life and pathos evoked by this unsightly woman who wished so much to be beautiful, loved or just noticed. They compare well using just this factor of beauty but I shall delve into them more to find other contrasts. Wyston Hugh Auden was born in York, England in 1907. He moved to Birmingham where he spent his childhood. In 1928 Auden published his first book of verse and his collection of Poems that established him as an up and coming leader of literature. In 1939 he moved to the U.S.A. where he met his wife.  Generally he is considered as the greatest poet of the twentieth century. He died in Vienna in 1973.  The ballad Miss Gee was the most modern poem of our selection and it stood out vividly because it was so shocking and had such a stale humor and irony to it. Irony, because she had wanted to be noticed her whole life and dead she was but for the wrong reasons. The simple tone and rhyming couplets to ensure a flowing, easy read. Set out with two couplets over four lines in each ballad stanza, Miss Gee was an appealing and effortless read for a story in verse. The simple language emphasized simplicity and this and the detailed description helps keep your interest alert throughout this quite lengthy poem. The language is mainly all factual and easy to read helping also to convey how little depth to her character Miss Gee had. The shocking ending is was very stricking because it was unexpected and the tone and pace stay the same the whole way through as if Miss Gee being mutilated was nothing worth noticing. This also emphasizes how disrespected the main character actually was. People had made a mockery of her through her whole life so why in death would it be any different?  This disrespect made me feel sad because there are many people like the old spinster Miss Gee who are lonely and need love. They live and die unimportant and unloved. The poem is plain because the Miss Gee is plain. After she has been introduced the second stanza describes her as having a slight squint in one eye, tiny lips, sloping shoulders and no bust at all. Already we can tell that Miss Gee is not pretty and her name, Edith, is old fashioned. The story goes on to describe her life, which is very lonely and boring. She has her bike and the church but she has not much else, living all alone in a small bed- sit room on only one hundred pounds a year. One afternoon she dreamed of being the Queen of France and the vicar of her church asked her Majesty to dance. But even her beautiful dream was ruined; just like her self- esteem and anything she would ever dream to have.  She buttoned her clothes up to her neck because the years had made her insecure and staid. The repetition of certain lines emphasizes just how monotonous her life actually was.  She turned her head away from the passing young couples because she hurt to think of what she didnt have. They didnt ask her to stay. Here I feel I strong feeling of sympathy towards Miss Gee because she is so lonely. She attended church regularly yet she sat in the side aisle as if she wasnt good enough or she maybe felt too ugly. Saying lead me not into temptation, but make me a good girl please The church is her only source of friendship, comfort. She knows she has a friend in God. Yet, here she still lacks confidence, and sitting in the periphery shows that even in church she feels like she doesnt fit in. Miss Gee is a good girl but I think she thinks that if she is good she will maybe fit in. She says lead me not into temptation because she feels guilt for not being thankful for who she is and for wishing someone like the vicar would love her. When she got sick the doctor commented that cancer is a funny thing, childless women get it and men when they retire, and its as if there had to be some outlet for their foiled creative fire. He meant that it was as if people who had not fulfilled what they wanted or they had an inability to do so, got cancer.  Miss Gee died and the teacher took her to be examined by students who laughed disrespectfully at her. Constantly she was an outsider, unusual, yet even in death she was not given any respect. Then they shipped her off to the anatomy department where they hung her up and carefully dissected her knee. This demeaning tone is shocking and so very sad. It sums up Miss Gees whole life.

Free Online Public Schools for North Carolina Students

Free Online Public Schools for North Carolina Students North Carolina offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. Below is a list of no-cost online schools currently serving elementary and high school students in North Carolina. To qualify for this list, schools must meet the following qualifications- classes must be available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be funded by the government. North Carolina Virtual Public School North Carolina Virtual Public School (NCVPS) was established by the state legislature to provide e-learning opportunities to students. â€Å"NCVPS shall be available at no cost to all students in North Carolina who are enrolled in North Carolina’s public schools, Department of Defense schools, and schools operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairs,† the legislature said in creating the school. The schools website notes: NCVPS benefits students through expanded academic options in teacher-led, online courses aligned to the  North Carolina Common Core Standards  and the  North Carolina Essential Standards. Regardless of students’ geographic location or economic circumstances, they can enroll in quality online courses taught by highly qualified, North Carolina licensed teachers. NCVPS provides students online courses in many subject areas including mathematics, science, English language arts, social studies, arts, advanced placement, honors, and world languages. Other courses include test preparation, credit recovery, and (an) Occupational Course of Study (OCS). To take part in the virtual learning program, students enroll through their local public school. Grades are reported to their local school, which awards them credit. The North Carolina Virtual Public School has served over 175,000 middle and high school students since launching in the summer of 2007. North Carolina Virtual Academy North Carolina Virtual Academy (NCVA), an online public charter school authorized by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, offers North Carolina students in grades K-12 individual, online learning. A relatively new program, the virtual school says it offers a combination of individualized learning and flexible scheduling, delivered through: A K-12 curriculum that covers the core subject areas and electives.Experienced, highly qualified North Carolina-certified teachers, who are connected to students and parents by phone.Online planning and assessment tools and resources, and hands-on materials ranging from textbooks to telescopes, from rocks and soil to illustrated classic childrens stories.An active, supportive school community which organizes monthly activities where North Carolina parents, students, and staff socialize and share their experiences. ​​North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Online NCSSM Online- the second-largest state virtual school in the United states- is a tuition-free two-year online program sponsored by the NC School of Science and Mathematics for junior and senior high school students. The program is not completely online: The school offers a supplemental program  that serves students who remain  enrolled at  their local schools. Highly qualified students can apply to either the online program or the onsite school, which offers the same curriculum free of charge to students who are accepted. The school, which  emphasizes  innovation, has also won awards for excellence.  In 2015, NCSSM won the Spaces for Innovation Challenge sponsored by the North Carolina State Universitys Institute for Emerging Issues.   North Carolina Connections Academy North Carolina Connections Academy is a tuition-free, public online school. NCCA gives students the flexibility to learn at home with an online curriculum that meets rigorous state education standards, the school says on its website. NCCA says it helps students through a learning program featuring: A challenging  curriculum  developed by leading education expertsInstruction from  state-certified teachers  experienced in online instructionSupport from trained  counselors, principals, and administrative staffCurriculum materials needed to participate in an online learning environment Tips for Choosing an Online Public School When choosing an online public school, look for an established program that is regionally accredited and has a track record of success. Be wary of new schools that are disorganized, are unaccredited, or have been the subject of public scrutiny. If you or your children are considering choosing a tuition-free  online high school, make sure you ask questions before deciding on a program, such as graduation rates, school and teacher accreditation, and what expenses you might incur, such as books and school supplies.

The Marketing Mix of Mini Cheddar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Marketing Mix of Mini Cheddar - Essay Example The good results of the company were because of the good strategy of the company price and product quality. However, the company needed to improve on promotion and the place as it caused the company some problems. The study through the questionnaire pointed out that the company needed to do more on its strategies to improve it marketing strategy and meet good customer base. Introduction The source of the information on this part was from Kenilson who is the author of the book, â€Å"Marketing (Daewin, 2011)† .Cheddars are products of baked Cheddar cheese, which are flavored with the British savory biscuits with granular crumby texture. Cheddars in the present market are sold under the McVitie’s. Mini cheddars came in as a result of diversification of the products by theMcvities’ as the sales of their unique products started to wane. They products became increasingly popular in the 1970s, which led to the introduction of new flavors in the market The flavors intro duced in include the Marmite, BBQ Beef, Pickle and Mature Cheddar. The new variety of crispier lined Mini Cheddars called Crinkly were also launched .The company strategy is to be the market leader in a competitive market to ensure their sales are higher and have a great customer base. Product quality and price plays a crucial role in the marketing strategy of the company. The company has customers in all categories which range from children to adults. The company products are unique and are of high quality. The company prices are reasonable and affordable to their cu8stomers.However, the questionnaire administered indicated that there is the need to improve on the strategy of promotion and the location of the company’s outlet (http://www.minicheddarusa.com/AboutUS MinicheddarHistory.php). Methodology In the process of administering the questionnaire I had four members in my team, Mary, Paul, and me. As a team we decided to sit down and decide to design the best questionnaire which we will carry research on the cheese brand and establish the concept of Marketing Mix. We came up with 20 closed questionnaires in order to come up with valid results from the respondents. Lastly, we administered the questionnaires on about 100 respondents in Upper Tilley Shopping mall and we managed to receive 80 feedbacks concerning the study. Results and the analysis of the Mini Cheddar The findings on the administered questionnaire were presented in percentage form. Majority of the correspondence to the questionnaire knew what Mini Cheddars and it represented 80% of the population. On the other hand, the number of those who did not know this product completely was 20% of the total samples in the questionnaire. The questions were entirely based on the 4P Marketing Mix strategy. Products The cheese products from the company is meant for several categories of people who include the children and adults and in order to meet the needs of these diverse groups of people the compa ny products should be of high quality. On the question on what the consumers look at in buying the Mini Cheddar products, many correspondents to the questionnaire said that they look at quality, which 35% of the total questionnaires administered. 20% of the questionnaires liked the taste of the products, thus making them to buy the product. Still on the product, most of the customers who responded to the questionna

Dilemma discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dilemma discussion - Essay Example Through their ability to foretell the consequences of their actions, they should come to an agreement, which is letting the biological parents have custody of their daughter. If the child’s biological parents are eventually given custody, it would be in the best interest of the majority. This is because the foster parents will finally accept the fact that they are rehabilitated and no longer have drug problems. That will also provide the best opportunity for the foster parents to explain to the child what happened and also enable them to become part of the reunited family by helping the child accept her parents. According to Ruggiero (2012), ethical decisions are influenced by, among others, family, feelings and majority view. Therefore, it is true that the child only knows of her foster family, but it is their obligation to help her accept her biological and true family. If the court opined that the biological parents were rehabilitated enough, then the foster parents should also feel the same and help them along. The ultimate result is that both families will end up being happy and the child will have a greater number of people she can trust and look up to. Using the care-based thinking, Ruggiero (2012) opines that people should base their decisions on what they would want others to do to them. The biological parents, therefore, want their daughter back and care for her because they will most certainly need her care in old age. The foster parents ought to think in the same way and acknowledge that even they themselves would need a child’s care n future. Therefore, they should accept the court ruling and let the biological parents take care of their daughter. This school of thought is similar to the ends-based thinking in the sense that they both consider the ultimate outcome of one’s actions. However, they differ because the significance of response is emphasized in the ethics-based thinking. On the other hand, both schools of thought are

Individuals Human Development Essay Example for Free

Individuals Human Development Essay The environments or â€Å"contexts† of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. Even the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is important in this respect.   However, it is not enough simply to state that environment is important in the analysis of a person’s character. This is where the importance of nature comes in.    Although developmental theories have emerged to describe the growth and maturation of the individual, a parallel trend has been to describe the changing pattern of the family life cycle as a series of developmental stages (Watson, 1913). Family developmentalists view the family, like the individual, as having certain prime functions at certain points in the life cycle. In the case of Pavlov, both his environment and his innate nature contributed to his stature as one of man’s most famous scientists. Classical conditioning refers to the formation of a single association by means of a procedure developed by Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. Pavlov’s special field of study was the digestive secretions of the body, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904.On of the secretions being studied was salivation. To obtain a precise measure of secreted saliva under varying conditions, Pavlov inserted a small tube into the salivary glands of experimental dogs. When the dog salivated, the fluid was routed into Pavlov’s measuring cups. By this method, he could determine not only when the salivation occurs, but also how much and at what rate. For one time—indeed, even for today—it was a remarkably clear and rigorous estimate of response strength. It has become one of the most productive areas in all of psychology. This paper shall look into the environmental and internal factors that influence human behavior and attempt to explain how these two factors interact in a person’s life to bring about his present personality and character. During his studies of salivation, Pavlov noted what he called â€Å"psychic secretions.† If food is placed in the mouth of the animal, it will secrete saliva automatically – this response is innate not learned. But the dogs in Pavlov’s apparatus, soon began to salivate to other stimuli as well. For example, the sight of food, the sight of the person who fed them, and even the feeder’s footsteps in the hall, were enough to elicit salivation. These associations had to be learned. They were in effect anticipations of food in the mouth. Because the response (salivation) was not controlled by the simple reflex connections, come higher neural processes had to be involved. T was as if the mind took over the control of the reflexive act—hence, â€Å"psychic secretions—as if the thought of food was enough to produce the same response as food itself. It stressed that children are active, curious explorers who seek to adapt to their environments, rather than passive biological urges who are molded by their parents. Pavlov, as a child, was indeed a curious, precocious youngster. His father has a big influence into what he turned out to be. Meanwhile, Watson (1913) behaviorism is the conclusions about human development should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about   unconscious motives or cognitive processes that are unobservable. Moreover, Watson also believed that well-learned associations between external stimuli and observable responses are the building blocks of human development. When Petrovich Pavlov was a child, he was involved in an accident that prevented him from going to school. Thus, it was only when he was 11 years old that he was able to go back and have a formal schooling. He went to theological seminary and eventually at 21 he decided to pursue psychology. It is said that â€Å"he was ironically diverted from becoming a second-generation clergy, by the works of Charles Darwin and Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov, which he read while in seminary. Even his marriage was not spared the cyclic heartbreak then elation pattern that appeared to prevail in his life.† (Pavlov.). He had tragedies to deal with when he had a family of his own. Two of his six children died. Like Watson, Skinner believed that habits develop as a result of unique operant learning experiences. Pavlov’s curiosity for learning developed because he had the supervision of his mother during those years he stopped schooling.   He formed the habit of   having the passion for learning, investigating and experimenting. Meanwhile, nowhere is Bandura’s cognitive emphasis clearer than in his decision to highlight observational learning as a central developmental process. Observational learning is simply learning that results from observing the behavior of other people.   Bandura stressed observational learning in his cognitive social learning theory simply because this active, cognitive form of learning permits young children to quickly acquire thousands of new responses in a variety of settings. Indeed, the environments or â€Å"contexts† of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. Even the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is important in this respect.   However, it is not enough simply to state that environment is important in the analysis of a person’s character. This is where the importance of nature comes in. Born on Sept 14, 1849 in Russia, Pavlov was prepared for a life of discipline and excellence. Pavlov’s father Peter Dmitrivich was a priest while his brother Ivan was also part of the church staff.   It was his father Dmitrivich who was highly influential in carving Pavlov to be the way he turned out in his later years. His early environment under the tutelage of a highly educated and dignified father became one of the biggest factors that explain his passion for excellence in life. In practical life, the one that plays a more dominant role for example, in crime control policy, is the one that centers more on the role of the biological setup of the person and the family with whom he grows up with.   The majority of children grow up in a family context that usually includes a father and/or a mother and, in many instances, brothers and sisters. The family has been shown to have an impact on important processes, including the development of self-concept, sex roles, language, intellectual abilities and interpersonal skills (Bronfenbrenner, 1986). Explanation of the interaction of heredity and environment is not a simple matter. Hereditary factors operate from the moment of conception in determining the features of human growth and development. Our current understanding of human genetics makes it fairly clear that many human physical traits are inherited. We know that genetic factors are involved in the development of the human body from the time of conception. However, we do not fully understand the scientific mechanisms of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in controlling human growth and development. The relationship of this nature versus nurture interaction to human behavior is indeed a much-debated issue. Where do differences in personality or temperament come from? Friends or relatives are frequently quick to comment that an infant has a temper â€Å"like his father† or is easygoing â€Å"like his mother,† suggesting that such differences are inherited. Does this mean that infant temperament is generically determined? Not necessarily, since the environment plays an important role in the expression of temperament. Researchers say that temperament is best viewed as a natural bias toward a given behavioral direction (difficult, easygoing, introverted and extroverted). The expression of this bias depends on one’s environment or experience: the child with a temperamental â€Å"bias† for a high activity level may in fact be easygoing and mild-mannered in a relaxed family environment. The bias for high activity levels may in fact be easygoing and mild mannered in a relaxed family environment. The bias for high activity levels may appear only in a stressful or competitive situation (Wiggam, 1923). Temperament and personality depend for their expression on the joint contributions of heredity, environment (parenting strategies) and individual behavior (through the active selection of environments, particularly as the child grows older). Children need to be exposed in an environment where they must have opportunities to feel free to be choice-makers, to know that they can have justice for themselves. A school ought to encourage children to feel appreciative of their own individuality. They need to feel playful and to see life as fun, and to have their teachers and parents join in on this approach to fun living. And mostly, they need to feel creatively alive, to have a burning sense of desire and appreciation for everything in life. To eschew boredom and dullness, and to glow in the excitement of each and everyday. This is not some farfetched ideal. Pavlov thought that the cortex was the only site of new neural connections in learning. His evidence was that members of his laboratory were not able to condition dogs from whom the cortex had been surgically removed. But later, in Pavlov’s laboratory, and elsewhere, investigators found that they could obtain conditioning in mammals even after all the cerebral cortex had been removed. For example, a dog with its cortex removed can learn to lift its paw whenever a light flash occurs to avoid shock. Such conditioning occurs slowly   and irregularly. However, because such animals tend to be distractible and irritable and they do not have keen sensory discrimination. But the evidence is clearly antagonistic to Pavlov’s   claim that cortex is necessary.